College Athletes Deserve To Be Paid Essay examples -- Essays Papers

College Athletes Deserve To Be Paid College athletics argon some of the biggest and most popular events in the country today. There are many deal that make significant amounts of money from college athletics. How eer, the athletes themselves do not make any money from playing. If college athletes were paid it would solve a lot of the problems that the National Collegiate gymnastic Association (NCAA) faces every year as well as improve play and make college athletics stronger. Throughout the past few years, the NCAA, which was previously viewed as the top basketb in all organization other than the NBA, has taken a backseat to the professional leagues of Europe. In the 2001 NBA draft of the first eight people selected only two of them had ever played a day of college basketball. The main difference between the players of the European leagues and NCAA athletes is that professional European players are paid. These European leagues, that have produced some of the top newfangled players in the world the past few years, have players as young as 14 years old playing in them. Paying their athletes would ingest the NCAA to a level even with European leagues and close the gap with the NBA. Today major college athletes are required to work all year for their sport. The season does not start with preseason practice and end when their last game is played, athletes train 365 days a year for their sport. Their main purpose upon coming to college is to play basketball. What normal college school-age child would devote more than 20 hours per week all year outside of school at something that they did not get paid for? The NCAA has a strict insurance that no athletes are to receive any kind of payment or... ...was the most widely followed sports in the world. The NCAA and especially its basketball has seen a sharp surrender in the number of athletes that go to the professional level, as well as the number of people that fol low the sport. Paying its athletes would not immediately fix the problem but it is the first step in the right direction. Times have changed since giving an athlete a scholarship for four years would be all that they wanted or the best offer that they could get at that time. Now some college athletes are world famous and they know that there are offers that are better for them and their families out there besides staying in college for four years. The NCAA is a great organization, but all the great organizations over time have alter with the times to keep them on top and at the forefront of the competition. The NCAA needs to do a little bit of updating.

Stem-Cell Research and the Media Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Es

Stem-Cell Research and the Media Biomedical technology is getting much press due to the waist- cellphone debate. A controversial topic in itself, with the hot seat of the United States taking a stand on the issue for funding purposes, the topic has received even more(prenominal) press over the consequences resulting from President Bushs determination. With the Presidents approval rating well over 80 percent since the September 11th attack, those who contest any of his decisions have been receiving feelings of see red from those who support him. I, however, would like to take a stand and contest Bushs decision to limit the stem cell research funding. This paper presents two articles that examine Bushs decision in different ways one looks at the consequences from the point of view of stem cell researchers, and the other presents an avenue for the Presidential administration to defend their decision, which happens to be contradictory to their claim to be concerned with the scienc e behind stem cell research. While the Janesville Gazette article is supposedly a defense of Bushs decision, analyzing the claims and developed behaviors of Tommy Thompson and President Bush exemplifies their weak argument. The Newsweek article by Begley (2001) conveys information about the consequences of President George W. Bushs decision to limit the federal funding for stem-cell research to the 64 colonies already in existence. The article does not explicitly state President Bushs decision to limit the funding of the research to the current 64 colonies, but only states that the President announced, there were scores of stem-cell colonies around the word that federally funded scientists would be allowed to study. Begleys way of co... ...ns position, a careful analyzer can see major contradictions between his claims to mapping science to make the decision and his actual decision obviously not being based on science. By also examining and article which roots itself in the peop le involved daily with stem cell research, and by capturing their concerns with the Presidents funding decision, this paper serves as a well rounded critique of Bushs stem cell research funding decision in a time when patriotism does not allow for easy critiques of the current administration. References Begley, Sharon. (2001, September 10). In search of stem cells It turns out many of the 64 lines may be unusable. Newsweek, p. 57. Stem cell decision defended Thompson Number of developed lines mad no difference to Bush. (2001, September 7). The Janesville Gazette, pp. A1, A8.

Red Scare :: essays research papers

Analysis of the deprivation Scare"The tumult and the shouting dies, The captains and the kings depart." -Kipling, The RecessionalMr. Kipling was wrong. War does not always end with the last birdcall on the battlefield. World War I certainly did not. After the war formally ended on November 18, 1918, there was an ideological war still departure on in the US. An ideological war which prompted mass paranoia and caused, among many other things, what would be known as the bolshy Scare, which began in 1919 and ended in 1921. Red Scare was the label given to the actions of legislation, the race riots, and the hatred and persecution of "subversives" and careful objectors during that period of time. It is this hysteria which would find itself repeated several decades later in history when Senator Joeseph R. Macarthy charge high government officials and high standing military officers of being communist. Undoubtedly the most important topic of an investigation into a his torical occurrence is itsinception. What caused the Red Scare? At the heart of the Red Scare was the conscription law of May 18, 1917, which was put in place during World War I for the fortify forces to be able to conscript more Americans. This law caused many problems for the conscientious objector to WWI, because for one to claim that status, one had to be a member of a "well-recognized" religious organization which forbade their members to participation in war. did Quaker relief work in Europe. 500 suffered court-martial, and out As a result of such unyeilding legislation, 20,000 conscientious objectors were inducted into the armed forces. Out of these 20,000, 16,000 changed their minds when they reached military camps, 1300 went to non-combat units, 1200 gained furloughs to do farm work, and 100of these, 450 went to prison. However, these numbers are small in comparison with the 170,000 draft dodgers and 2,810,296 men who were inducted into the armed forces. Neverthele ss, the conscientious objectors were targeted in the Red Scare after the war. They were condemned as cowards, pro-German socialists, although that was noteverything. They were also accused of spreading propaganda throughout the United States. Very few conscientious objectors stood up for themselves. Roderick Siedenberg, who was a conscientious objector, wrote that "to steal, rape, or murder" are standard peacetime causes for imprisonment, but in time of war "too firm a belief in the words of Christ", and "too ardent a faith in the brotherhood of man" are more acceptable.

The Growing Trend of Sex and Violence in Media Today Essay -- essays r

Modern day society is composed of rules and structures. The general public has become much more sensitive everywhere the years, resulting in a very politically correct atmosphere. Moreover, parents have decided that the opportune way of reaching their ambitions is through the lives of their children. Under this strict lifestyle, one would feign that our values are very conservative. Surprisingly, the opposite is true. Due to the sexual and violent permissiveness in todays Multi-Media, our society has developed a seedy standard of morals.Sex is often considered to be taboo among families. Parents do not want to believe that their children are aware of it, and vice-versa. While the family is living in a state of denial, the media is embracing sexuality. It is almost impossible to go anywhere without being exposed to sexual media. Virtually all advertisements, regardless of form, use sexuality to make out their product. This ranges from beer commercials using scantily clad women to advertise their product to males, to magazines that draw our attention by writing the word sex in big, bold...

Discrimination Of Adolescents :: essays research papers

The discrimination of adolescents has steadily increased over the years. Adults and media of modern day society discriminate all adolescents carriage based on a down(p) minority of teens. This is due to the behavior of adolescents, the medias perception of teens, and as a result, the only way to end this betise is a compromise.First of all, the behavior of adolescents is a main cause of discrimination. Adolescents want attention from society by acting inappropriately and claiming it as individualism. The new propagation of adolescents acts differently mainly because they have too much freedom there is no one to discipline them. In the past, when adolescents did poorly or behaved inappropriately in school, they were often punished in the form of physical abuse. Mr. H, a high school teacher did poorly in school when he was young. The principal had tap out him and called his p atomic number 18nts. When his parents found out, they beat him and took him back to school to meet the p rincipal. Mr. H was beaten once again by both parties in the principals office. Youths were condition back then but nowadays there are no consequences for their faults, so youths abuse their rights on a regular basis. Additionally, youths are jealous of adults. Adults have privileges which youths do not such as smoking, watching X-rated movies, and drinking. This factor forces youths to act older than they really are so they can find the same privileges but youths fail to realize that they are not adults. So by smoking, watching X-rated movies, and drinking, adolescents have earned a bad reputation. However it is a small minority of youths that act this way, and they are ruining the reputation of adolescents as a whole. These individuals are the rotten apple spoiling the barrel.In another case, adolescents are discriminated because of the way youths are portrayed by the media. First of all, the media mainly focuses on negativity. There are rarely any reports on righteous events. In movies, teens are hooligans and thieves. In the movie True Lies, the protagonists daughter stole money and had a punk boyfriend on a motorcycle. The media is also far-famed for producing bad role models such as Eminem. All adolescents have role models to look up to. The message Eminem sends out through his music encourages teens to act disgraceful. Again, it is the small minority of teens who look up to bad role models and act inappropriately that ruins the reputation of adolescents as a whole.

The Bride Price Essays -- Literary Analysis, Okonkwo

Throughout the world, there are numerous cultures that practice various customs and traditions. These cultures gravel often set up guidelines for the people of the society to follow and adhere to. Some societies practice their customs and traditions in a more lenient manner. On the other hand, some societies are very strict with their practices and strive to maintain and preserve their culture by teaching the customs to the people and practicing them frequently. Such is the racing shell in the Nigerian society. The Nigerian people follow specific rules and customs in regards to marriage practices, social status, and credulitys. The marriage custom is one specific tantrum of their culture that is strictly enforced for all men and women of the society. The mans family is supposed to pay the family of the bride a certain amount of money to marry the girl. This custom, on with many others, is demonstrated in the novel, The Bride Price, by Buchi Emecheta, when the main character, a y oung girl named Aku-nna, falls in love with a man named Chike, who comes from a family in which the people were once slaves. Throughout the novel, the customs of Nigerian society are explored while Aku-nna and Chike try or overcome their families adversities. Aku-nna and her brother Nna-nndo live in Lagos with their mother at the start of the novel. The two siblings have grown up in Nigeria learning the customs and practicing them at a young age. Aku-nna, being the only female person in the home takes on the responsibilities of the family much like all the other women in Nigerian society. The women acknowledge the fact that it is their responsibility to do so and agree without arguments. When Aku-nnas father told her to make dinner, she does so willingly in orde... ...ous (100). Not only do these superstitions play a role in the Nigerians daily lives, solely some superstitions relate to the bride price custom as well. It was said, if the bride price was not paid, she would never survive the birth of her first child (168). Okonkwo would still not live with the bride price, no matter how much money was offered because he still refused to consent to give his daughter to a slave (162). When Aku-nna gets pregnant soon after, the Nigerian superstition is up held and she dies while giving birth to her child. Through Aku-nnas upbringing, relationships, and experiences, the reader is able to gain an understanding of the customs and traditions followed in Nigerian society. The Bride Price by Buchi Emecheta is good demonstration of the many aspects of Nigerian culture such as marriage practices, social status, and superstitions.

In the Letter from Charles Lamb to English Romantic Poet

In the letter from Charles Lamb to English romantic poet William Wordsworth, Charles sends a very kind invitation into Cumberland to William. I am asked to hit the books the techniques the informant (William) uses to decline Charless invitation. The author is trying to inform Charles Lamb that he will not be able to accept the invitation by utilize mainly vox populi, exposition, pity course, Figurative speech, some description, laudations and past memories to inform Charles that he can not accept the invitation.The author starts by telling Charles that he is honored by the invitation by the quote, With you and your Sister I could gang eachwhere. He then gives the bad new that he can not accept the invitation, plainly I am afraid whether I shall ever be able to afford so desperate a Journey. Therefore the author gives a compliment before giving the bad news to Charles. The quote, The rooms where I was born.. When I have sunned myself, my old school, -these are my mistresse s.The author uses Figurative speech and persuasion to try and change Charles point of view on why he (William) cannot accept the invitation, the author tries to persuade him that he cannot go not because he doesnt want to, but because he cant. The quote, Your sun & moon and skies and hills & lakes affect me no more, or scarcely come to me in more venerable characters, than as a gilded room with tapestry and tapers, where I might live with handsome visible objects, shows that the author used personification and figurative speech.Another technique the author uses is Exposition, the author informs, explains, and clarifies his/her ideas and thoughts. The author uses Exposition in the quote, Separate from the pleasure of your company, I dont much care if I never see a throne in my life. I have passed all my days in capital of the United Kingdom, until I have formed as many and intense local attachments, as any of your Mountaineers can have done with dead nature, by writing to Charles th at he cannot go because he has lived almost his whole life in London and made many local attachments that he cannot leave behind.The author writes descriptions of places and people like tradesmen and costumers and the lighted shops to explain that all those are his memories and only home, he uses Pathos argument and Descriptive writing along with past memories in the quote, The Lighted shops of the Strand and Fleet Street, the innumerable trades, tradesmen and customers. all these things work themselves into my mind and feed me without a power of satiating me.Through Pathos argument the author uses vivid description, Emotional tone like in the quote, and I often shed tears in the motley Strand from fullness of joy at so much Life, so the Charles can experience what the writer experiences. In conclusion the authors purpose is to inform Charles that he would be honored to go to Cumberland, but cannot because London is his home. He uses many techniques such as persuasion, pathos argume nt and exposition.

The 20th Century State of the American Dream

The Ameri pile conceive of has always been a popular and distinctive subject matter in literature and arts in the United States. Though not a lot of people whitethorn be qualified to define the term in technical detail, the Statesns certainly know it by heart. The American dream has giving to a multitude of meanings over the years. A 15-year rare girl may see the American dream as winning Ms. USA and being able to represent her country in front of the tout ensemble world. A young college student on the hand may see it as finding the or so promising job and succeeding in his dream profession someday.While a newly wed man may see the American dream as acquiring his own house and property in a typical sub-urban area where he can start his life with his family calmly and peacefully. These are just some possible faces of American dream ground on the perspectives of Americans from different walks of life. However, the real and concrete definition of ideal may not be that certain. Th e American dream have also been observed to originate through the years since it has to base itself on the necessity of the American society.And considering the current state of the American society in this modern age of the 20th century, the American dream can be good seen as the vision of America as an economically stable, politically peaceful and societally harmonious nation. In this light, one may easily see how the different sectors of the country contributes to the achievement of this dream. However, although it can be observed that all of the Americans visions are directed to this goal, there may still be things that hinder the achievement of this ultimate dream.In Loren Hickocks letter to Harry Hopkins in 1934 reveals the state of America, and this was reflected in this statement A Promised Land, bathed in golden sunlight, is rising out of the white-haired shadows of want and squalor and wrethchedness down here in the Tennessee Valley these days (Hichock, 1934). The Unite d States of America as the nation on which the roots of the state if Tennessee stands was patently described as a gifted nation showered with golden sunlight. This entails a lot of positive things. This can entail how rich the soil of America is, and this can entail how great it natural resources are.This could have made the American Dream r all(prenominal)able if only the showers of the golden sun was put to good use. In the contourred letter by Hickock, she describes the state of American farm lands in Tennessee and how these lands, despite their arability and richness do not crimson grow sufficient crops for people to consume. Hickock writes, Crops grown on it are stunted. Corn, for instance, grows only about a third as tall there as it does in Iowa. They tell me it isnt even good timbre land. Just a thin coating of soil over rock. (Hickock, 1934). This was during the 1930s.The situations at present may already be the same, but these confessions may reveal a pre-existing pr edicament which may have found its way to the roots of all Americans. A similar situation to this which can be seen to hinder America in achieving its ultimate dream is peoples waste of resources. Just like the failure of earlier Americans to maximize the capacity or arable lands in Tennessee, American immediately are suffered with debts and unnecessary fiscal debts that eventually make them fail in balancing and maximizing their prime resource which is money.Aside from the dilemma on resources, one of the most significant dilemmas of Americans that may have hindered them for so long in achieving the American dream is racism and discrimination on religion. The popular mens magazine in the US, Playboy conducted an interview with Malcolm X regarding the state of racism in America. During the 1960s. In Malcom Xs answers, his view of the American dream was clear however, the destruction of this dream was depicted even clearer. Malcom X says Freedom, justice and equality are our princip al ambitions The white man has taught the macabre people in this country to hate themselves as inferior, to hate each other, to be divided against each other the brainwashed black man can never learn to stand on his own two feet until he is on his own. We must learn to become our own producers, manufacturers and traders we must have industry of our own,to employ our own (Playboy Interview Malcolm X, Alex Haley, 1963). In these lines, the division between black and whites Americans was very apparent.It seemed like these people were living in two separate nations, when in fact, there were sharing one ground. Hence, there was practically no concrete sense of unity during that time. And although most Americans would claim that racism has finally found its end in the country, it can never be denied that it has created a serious kale in Americas history. That although the current American society may be doing everything to heal the issue, the scar will always be there and it will never be erased in Americas face.This can also be one of the most significant and considerable hindrances of achieving the American dream. Today, almost everything is being commercialized already. Everything seems to have a damage tag. Because of this, people are becoming more and more competitive against each other to the extent that human rights violations are committed against their own countrymen. Evidently, in this kind of situation, achieving the ultimate American dream would be impossible. America has always been deemed as the land of the free.But considering how pressured, restrained and oppressed people are now due to financial debts, poltical predicaments and economic instability, America may not be totally free after all. At least not yet. This picture can be easily seen in this statement of Hickock in the same letter she sent to Hopkins And all over the state, in rural areas, the story is the same an illiterate, wretched people, undernourished, with standards of living so lo w that, once on relief, they are quite unforced to stay living so low that, once on relief, they are quite willing to stay there for the rest of their lives. Its a mess (Hickock, 1934)

To What Extent Does Globalisation Economically

Module Code PM504 2T (SS1) Class/Group Group A, Class F Module Title Skills for Study 1 Assessment Essay Assignment Title To what extent does globalisation economically benefit under true countries? Tutor Name Graham H break offerson Student ID Number 2059661 get word of Submission October 25, 2012 Globalization is a source of both hope and apprehension, especially for developing countries. During the past several decades the greater accesses to developing country markets feel better the productivity and living standard and brought significant benefits to economic harvest-time of the world.On the other hand, these positive influences coincide with shaper polarization, heighted the level of inequality within developed and developing countries (Stallings, 2007). Therefore, this essay go forth contend that the growth provided by globalisation in developing countries is short-term in the long-term, the huge capital flows, the exploitation of labor and the depletion of resources wil l createan imbalanceinglobal order which will benefitneitherdeveloping, nordeveloped countries.Therefore, the aspects of contrary investment liberalization will be introduced firstly, and so will be international division of labor and management of natural resources will be analyzed thirdly. At last, the conclusion of this essay will be drawn. Recently, the majority of developing countries trend to rely on private capital as a source of funding. Since the untimely 1990s, the external capital flows have do a great contribution to the funding that has made up over 75% (Tanzi, 2004532).The major reason to this capital flow, from less than 30% in the early 1990s to nearly 70% in total by 1998 of sharing on funding, is unlike direct investment (FDI) consistently (UNCTAD, 2003). Since the late of 20th century, receivable to the great benefits from outside investment, many countries, developing countries in particular, have changed or created the policies and environment to be mor e amenable to FDI (Abeles, 200112). FDI is an essential element to the economic growth of developing countries, according to a neo-classical economic perspective (Craves, 1996).It means that developing countries obtain the benefits directly from FDI through an inflow of capital, tax revenues, and booking, and indirectly through the engineering science and knowledge from the foreign investors to local enterprises and workers (Svenssion, 2002576). In addition, the structure of the industry is running to a new level though the entry of competitive foreign enterprises. As a result, to survive in this increasingly competitive environment, local firms are becoming more efficient to raise the productivity to be more competitive hence, the economic growth rate of developing countries is alterd directly.In contrast, FDI may be detrimental to economic victimization of developing countries since large amount of foreign investment is negative for local enterprises in long-term. Domestic ent erprises are crowded by foreign companies such as some leading multinational plenty (e. g. Apple, Mobil, etc) from developed countries, since they are often significantly superior to local firms. This effect reduces the competition in market and then the industry is dominated by foreign entities.The panel study of Agosin and Mayer (2000150)found that the effect of FDI in Asia, Latin America and Africa, the domestic investment is crowded out. Thus,Agosin and Mayer (2000164)conclude that the effects of FDI are not forever positive and that FDI policy plays a consumption in determining the outcome. With the process of globalization, production becomes more globalized, labor market comes to play a greater role in determining the efficiency and productivity of industry. Theoretically, to achieve optimal flexibility of labour market, international division of labour becomes more and more significant (Benner, 200969).It is the spatialdivision of labourwhich occurs when the process ofpro duction, and it is also known as global industrial shift which means relocated form developed countries (USA, Europe) to developing countries (Asia, Africa, Latin America) to reduce the costs. There is no doubt that the international division of labour reforms the market and brings many advantages to developing countries in short-term. Firms can access to a much larger labour force easily and, thus, this more flexible and competitive market reduces the cost and increased the profits. Therefore, the economic growth rate is improved.In addition, the employment opportunities and fee for employees can be raised in developing countries. However, IDL also has its negative side in long-term. Along the lines of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, it is argued that an increase in commodity trade with unenlightened labour-abundant, low-wage countries leads to an increase in the wage rate of skilled workers and depresses the wage rate of unskilled workers, according to Eckel (2003181). Therefore it turns into the inequality in wage and even leads to the dismissal of employee in the home country, especially in developing countries, and it becomes sharper.An international comparison, Gini coefficients, can be habituated to determine the economic inequality. The average Gini ratio for private households wampum income climbed from 0. 29 in 1985 to 0. 65 in 2010 (Afonso and Schuknecht, 2011382). If the Gini superpower is 0, the income is perfectly equality, 1 stands for absolute inequality. Therefore, the inequality has increased by over twice from the study by Afonso and Schuknecht. It is not only happen in developing countries, but also in developed countries such as UK, Italy and especially in US, with 0. 5 for Gini index (Bee, 2012). Obviously, IDL enhance the inequality. Globalization is also a process to industrialize and modernizing many developing countries, by maximizing the usage and availability of natural resources. For example, due to globalization both India a nd China are gaining more knowledge and wealth. They can translate their abundant resources into materials to produce more consumer goods, more cars, more fuel consumption, and, more of everything. past the living standard is improved obviously.In contrast, Curtis (2009431) claims that globalization also permits developed countries to take advantage of developing countries natural resources. As the high availability of natural resource, developed countries obtain the cheap raw material from the suppliers, most of them are developing countries such as China and India, where the final price of the product is much higher. Thus, the majority of the profits go to the developed countries (Yu, 2010184). Moreover, the increasing trends of consumption could cause the shortage of natural resources both renewable and non-renewable resources definitely (Geyer, 20031237).The resource depletion is likely to bring an end to globalization, the most likely to be limiting in the short term is energy , since the worlds economy is dependent on oil. Thus, the imbalanced or unsustainable nurture of natural resources is positive to neither developing nor developing countries. Many countries especially developing countries with open policies and environment, cheap labour force and abundant natural resources have gained significant benefits from globalization. During the period of 2006-2010 in China, the target of the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) of government is set to be 11. % per year (Liang and Teng, 2012). With the raised of productivity of workers, employment opportunities, and the easy accessibility to the worldwide market, to every corner of the world, more and more people regard the globalization as a necessary factor to improve their lives. However, human only attains a few successes during the promotion of globalization in short-term, but incurring tremendous loss from the negative sides in long-term from FDI, IDL and the use of natural resources. This imbalanced development will benefitneitherdeveloping, nordeveloped countries.Obviously, the negative association of shaper inequality and openness will hold up when people do a critical analysis on globalization. Word count 1120 References Abeles, T. P. (2001). The Impact of Globalization. On the Horizon, 9(2), pp 12 14. Afonso, A. and Schuknecht, L. (2011). Income distribution determinants and public spending efficiency. journal of sparing Inequality, 8(3), pp 367-389. Agosin, M. R. and Mayer, R. (2005). Foreign investment in developing countries Does it crowd in domestic investment? Oxford Development Studies, 33(2), pp 149-162.Bee, A. (2012, March 8th). Household Income Inequality Within U. S. Counties 20062010. U. S. count Bureau News. Benner, C. (2009). force back Flexibility. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 63(4), pp 66-71. Craves, R. E. (1996). Multinational enterprise and economic analysis. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Curtis, F. (2009). Peak globalization Climate change, oil depletion and global trade. Ecological Economics, 69(2), pp 427-434. Eckel, C. (2003). Labor market adjustments to globalization unemployment versus relative wages.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 14(2), pp 173-188. Geyer, F. (2003). Globalization and sustainability the cynics, the romantics and the realists. Kybernetes, 32(9), pp 1235-1252. Liang, Q. and Teng, J. (2012). Financial development and economic growth Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 17(4), pp 395-411. Stallings, B. (2007). The Globalization of Capital Flows Who Benefits? New York Sage Publications, Inc. Svensson, G. (2002). Beyond global marketing and the globalization of marketing activities.Management Decision, 40(6), pp 574 583. Risso, W. A. and Carrera, E. S. (2012). Inequality and economic growth in China. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 5(2), pp 80-90. Tanzi, V. (2004). Globalization and the need for fiscal reform in developing countries. J ournal of Policy Modeling, 26(4), pp525-542. UNCTAD. (2003). World investment report FDI policies for development and international perspectives. Geneva UNU Press. Yu, W. (2010). China Rules Globalization and Political Transformation. Chinese Management Studies, 4(2), pp 184-185.

Transforming anglian water

IntroductionIt is believed that survival of an memorial tablet in contemporary era of globalization & liberalization is directly correlated to the extent to which it utilizes advanced selective information engine room tools and practices Total Quality caution.The concept of discipline geological formation was introduced by Chris Argyris and further researched and explained by Sange (1990). Sange defined schooling Organization as the organization in which you arouse non non try because breeding is so insinuated into the fabric of life. He further defines Learning Organization as a group of people continu ally enhancing their expertness to create what they want to create.The purpose of this assignment is to study Anglian irrigate in the light of Learning Organization and1. Investigate the extent to which the organization could actually birdcall to be a Learning Organization.2. Identify those factors that may undermine the concept of Learning Organization in Anglian Water and call into question the investments made.3. Explain if Anglian Water can sustain the ideals and practices of a Learning Organization.While exploring the definitions and characteristics of Learning Organizations, the case study of Anglian waters will be investigated and comparisons will be drawn.Chris Argyris differentiates between stolon order or single entwine acquisition versus second order or double loop encyclopedism. Learning is further explained as detection and study of errors. Single loop learning detects the errors and then functions at heart the construct of organizations governing variable to achieve the desired result. Double loop learning challenges the governing variable itself and aims at producing drastic cultural changes within the organization. Argyris further divides organizations into warning I and warning II. Model I represents the traditional bricks and mortar culture, a few characteristics of which ar Achieve the purpose as the actor defines it, W in, do not lose, Suppress Negative Feelings, Advocating courses of actions which discourage inquiry, Defensive relationships, low emancipation of choice.Model II represents a learning organization, the characteristics of which are Valid Information, Free and Informed choice, Internal Commitment, Sharing assure, Surfacing conflicting view, Minimally defensive relationships, High freedom of choice, Increased samelihood of double loop learning.Considering the above view point, Anglian water clearly falls in the Model II category of double loop learning. In the 1990s it diversified into rude(a) markets, conducted employee blessedness surveys and acted on the results of it. The Management clearly had a pot to introduce and sustain drastic cultural changes and go by towards becoming a learning organization. This was achieved to a great extent by employee empowerment & implementation of transformation journey which enabled incumbents at all levels to beat attitudinal and behavio ral change to be able to cope up with turbulent and uncertain environment.Argyris further introduces us to the concept of triple loop learning (Learning how to learn) which is in continuation to single loop (What to do) Double Loop (Learning what to do). Triple Loop Learning questions the structures and strategies of learning and how our mental map affects the way we behave. It is considered as the highest level of organizational learning and restructuring. Triple loop learning leads to restructuring of current systems and goes. Dialogues are initiated with in the organization in the form of collective bewarefulness to understand the basis of existence of hierarchies policies, procedures etc and RESTRUCTURING within the organization takes place.A Learning Infrastructure is created whither existing structure is studied, dialogue is initiated and new and more effective structures are proposed. Focus then is on growth competencies and acquisitions of individuals teams organizati on and hence emerges a Learning Organization. Anglian Water as an organization seems to have all the characteristics that the Triple Loop learning mentions as that of a Learning Organization. At Anglian water, face to face communication is given utmost importance amongst employees university of Water was established to integrate , support and accredit all forms of learning recrudesce skills and competencies that was required to move Anglian water to the 21st century and place it as a global player.Peter Senge (1990) remarks The rate at which organizations learn may flex the only sustainable source of competitive advantage. He differentiates between adaptive and generative learning. Adaptive Learning is the initiation of a company into the connection of Learning Organization. Generative learning utilizes the power of creativity and innovation to reconstruct those systems and processes that govern consequences. Senge, in his much acclaimed book The fifth discipline explains the fiv e disciplines which consort to him are cucial in building a learning organization.The first discipline Personal Mastery concentrates on learning of each and every individual in the organization resulting in Learning organization as a whole. Individual goals and tools to measure the proximity to these goals are developed. Significant evidence of Personal Mastery can be found at Anglian water by souseds of the introduction of the concept of travelers whose four guiding principles were a willingness to get to know myself, a desire to develop myself, a desire to develop my full potential with and through and through others, an ability to link my personal development to the development of Anglian water.The second discipline of Mental Model is the frame pass water of cognitive processes of our head which determines our thought and action process. Argyris concept of theories of action is similar to the Mental Model concept and govern actual behavior. Espoused possibleness is what we would like others to believe as our actual action theory. Anglian Water does not seem to have incorporate the Mental Model theory in its learning curve. The triad principle of systems thinking or the ability to see interrelationships / circular causations (where a variable is both the cause and effect of another)is prevalent in the practice of regeneration Journey , Total Quality Management , Change Agent Networks.The Fourth principal of shared vision (build on individual vision of its members) is not well supported at Anglian Water. While the vision and survey statements were rolled out in the 1990s it is unclear if these were created through the interaction between leaders and employees of the organization. It seems more likely that the vision and values were communicated from top to bottom. The fifth discipline of team learning or genuine thinking together was highly further by the leadership at Anglian water and is corroborated with the team and group formations through the methodology of Transformational Journey.Victoria Marsick states that learning organizations involve deep change in the mind sets of people as well as the culture of the organization and socities. Gephart , Marsic & Van Buren 1997 emphasize on Continuous Learning at the system level which at Anglian Water was initiated in the form of Transformational Journey and University of Water. association generation and sharing was made possible through the introduction of University of Water which aimed at acknowledging, integrating, supporting and accrediting all forms of learning in the company. The concept was further given a boost with the establishment of an intranet for information exchange and communication.Systematic Thinking capacity which enables employees to identify linkages and feedback loops. The charge of the concept of systematic thinking can be illustrated by the feedback statements of employees on the Journey being a good learning experience OR the findings of the employee satisfaction survey that clearly demanded a cultural change in Anglian Water.Greater Participation and accountability by a larger percentage of employees is promoted by Anglian waters through various methods such as employee satisfaction survey , employee empowerment , transformational journey that saw the alliance of more than 3000 employees, new HR Performance Management Policies. Culture and structure of rapid communication and learning was introduced with the advent of the 2 year ample traveler role and Aqua University. Rapid communication was facilitated through the installment of Intranet.Pedler, another major pioneer, in his work Blue prints of a learning company characterizes such organizes through the usage of five themes.Strategy is explained throughi. Learning approach to dodge was seen in the efforts to promote team working and cooperation through transformational journey which would have a direct bearing on the functional effectiveness and business carrying out.ii. Participative Policy making is missing in Anglian Waters organizational learning.Looking in encompassesi. Informating or use of information technology to inform and empower employees by giving them access to information was being practiced at Anglein Water through installation of Hawk their intranet system.ii. Internal rallying was facilitated through the introduction of Total Quality Management i.e. Each department treated the other as Internal Customeriii. Formative Accounting and control andiv. reward flexibility are missing from the grounds of Anglian Water.Enabling structures are flexible organizations which revisit & reformat structures, goals, objectives to align with the interest of employees, shareholders and suppliers. Post privatization, Anglian Water reorganized its business, restructured to a flatter organization, encouraged cross functional and individual participation to facilitate positive change. Transformational Journey empowered employees to arrange for their o wn support and skill development.Looking out encompassesi. Boundary workers as environmental scanners, which refers to the collection of information from the external stakeholders of an organisation in order to establish their needs is evident through the introduction of TQM a key element of which is to be sensitive to customer requirements and to respond rapidly to themto achieve customer satisfaction (Stark, 1998)ii.Inter-company learning which entails joining with customers and suppliers in training experiences, research and development and job exchanges is conspicuous by its absence in Anglian Water.Learning Opportunities talks ofi. Learning Climate encourages employees to seek continuous improvement, learn from their experiences and make while to question practices and try out new ones. Establishment of university of water by Anglian Water for the sole purpose of learning and development of employees attests the front of Learning Climate in the company.ii. Self Development o pportunities for all was encouraged at Anglian Water through the introduction of Transformational journey which was a holistic strategy designed to prepare and equip employees for the technical and emotional challenges of operating in a turbulent and uncertain environment.To Summarize, whether Anglian Water can claim to be a learning organization, I would like to include a few ideas organized by Art Kleiner states as Why Bother?i. Because we want superior performance and competitive advantageii. For customer relationsiii. To avoid declineiv. To improve qualityv. To understand risks and diversity more deeplyvi. For innovationvii. For our personal and ghostlike well beingviii. To increase our ability to manage changeix. For energized committed work forcex. To expand curtailariesAbove mentioned ten points are positive results of a successful learning organization. Anglian Water when viewed in the light of the above mentioned results comes out as a winner in the field of learni ng organizationsThe next tone is to identify factors that may undermine the concept of Learning Organization in Anglian Water.Senge states that the role of a leader is to build a shared vision. Though the vision and value statement that were released at Anglien Water were designed to inculcate new attitudes and behaviors, no evidence of participation of employees in shared vision building enjoyment is found.Shell (1997) also talks of Creative tension as a characteristic of Learning Organization. This enables innovation and visioning the future and further working towards a normally agreed goal. However, this capacity to vision the future seems to be lacking in the employees of Anglian Water. This was more than evident when in 1990 Ofwat recommended a price reduction of at to the lowest degree 17.5%. and this decision hit the company hard. It suffered tremendous losses and had to initiate a major cost reduction strategy. If the government decision had been predicted by the vision aries of the company, they would have had time to prepare ground for the turbulence that they faced as a result of this Change.Davenport and Prusak (1998) are concerned with the magnitude of importance that has been given to Information technology central Knowldege Management in Learning Organizations. They state that it is more important to build a culture conducive to knowledge and learning rather that emphasizing on information storage, retrieval and transfer. Clarke and Cooper state that in their goal to be a learning organization, Anglian Water rolled out a complete Knowledge Management Policy. However, their Intranet, despite of being called HAWK Harnessing Anglian Waters Knowledge appears to play only a secondary role.One of the major characteristics of Learning Organization is Experiential Learning. Polanyi (1967) characterizes experiential learning as tacit or not highly conscious. Lave and Wenger term the process as legitimate peripheral participation which further dilut es lessons learnt. Employees undergoing experiential learning might not be capable of fully understanding the reasons for success or failure. Thought Processes that are different from that of the value systems of a learning organization might be considered null and void.Marsick points out that when an organization is undergoing change and simultaneously assessing feedbacks, a confused and chaotic situation is bound to emerge. Multiple feedbacks emerge resulting in reception to various signals at the same time. Envisioning the environmental factors that would affect the well being of the company in future and predicting the types of challenges that the company should be ready for becomes very difficult. A tiny random fluctuation, often called Noise can induce the path of choice (Capra 1996). It is hence anticipate of a learning organization to analyze well the various feedbacks and signals and prepare for the future challenges. It appears that the visionaries ay Anglian Water missed the point and hence future environmental challenges could not be well predicted.A few other vital characteristics of a Learning organization, mentioned by Pedler, seem to be missing at Anglian Water are Formative Accounting and Control, Feedback loops being built in policy making process. Formative Accounting and control insists on accounting , budgeting and describe systems that are designed to help people understand the operations of organizational finance.However, It is important to add here scholars often caution against one size fits all approach to creating the learning organization (Marsick). Hence, it should not be a mandatory criteria for companies to absorb all characteristics defined by all scholars in the field of learning organizations.The third step is to analyze if Anglian Water can sustain the ideals and practices of a Learning Organization. If we refer to that portion of case study which is called The future, what immediately comes to our mind is that Anglian Wate r can not sustain the ideals and principles of a learning organization.When Anglian Water adopts a major cost reduction strategyin 1998 99 it seems to be moving away from the concept of Learning Organization. 10% of the employees (400 in number) were seen losing their jobs. While Learning Organizations are all about Investment in social, human and intellectual capital follow reduction strategies include downsizing, low levels of risk taking, short term focus minimal levels of employee training and development, and narrowly defined career paths (Schuler and Jackson, 2006168) These practices are in naked contrast to senior managements bid to change Anglian Waters approach to doing business to entrepreneurial, innovative and outward looking (Jenkins, 20081)Cost Reduction would further mean minimizing overheads and it is assumed that the worse affected areas would be Human Resources & logistics. Under Human Resources, most of the benefits such as training programs, employee engagemen t activities would have been scrutinized and the logical closedown would be to cut the cost related to them. In this scenario, existence of a corporate university might come under investigation with respect to the total costs being incurred on it.Huczynski and Buchanan (2001135) describe LO practices as A complex difficult set of practices, difficult to implement systematically. This criticism is relevant toAnglian Waterin numerous ways. Firstly, with regards to the University of Water, in the long run, those employees involved may struggle with coping with learning and their day job at Anglian Water and also the need to encourage employee attrition and encourage new blood at Anglian Water. Secondly after the initiation of the cost-reduction strategy the practices of a Learning Organization would be even harder to implement for reasons which were discussed previously.It is imperative to mention here that a lot of scholars in the field of Learning Organizations consider downsizing a s a part of the Learning and restructuring process. Labbas 1999, states that employment downsizing has been regarded as the preferent route to improving organizational performance. Success or failure of a downsized organization depends on the workforce remaining after the downsizing (Best Practices in suppression 1997). The Organizational trends in late 1990s and then at the advent of 21st century was moving towards downsizing , restructuring and outsourcing.Managers continue to use downsizing and other forms of restructuring to improve productivity ( Ellis, 1998 ). Downsizing has been termed as a reorganization strategy by Mckinley, Sanchez and Schick. Few other companies which downsized in 1998 and are still going truehearted are Kodak, Levis and Citicorp. Freeman and Cameron mention downsizing as an intentional reduction in personnel intended to improve the efficiency of the firm.Last but not the least, the chaos theory related to learning organization deserves to be given i ts due importance while discussing the probability of success of Anglian Water after downsizing. This theory talks about a situation when an organizational equilibrium becomes structurally unstable at critical bifurcation points.in the systems evolution where a single out suddenly appears and the system branches off in a new direction (Capra 1996). As a result of occurrence of chaos, a new form of organization would evolve.Since it is important for an organization to always be in the learning category to be able to survive environmental changes, downsizing at Anglian water could be looked as a phase in the learning process. It can be assumed that Anglian Water emerges successful after the process of downsizing and continues in its process of learning through as innovative techniques as Transformational Journey Traveller and University of Water.BibliographyPeter Sange, Fifth DisciplineChris Argyris On Organizational LearningWatkins and Marsick Sculpting the Learning OrganizationBear dwell, J and Claydon, T (2007) Human Resource Management A contemporary approach Fifth Edition Pearson Education LtdOrganizational Behavior Tata Mcgraw agglomerateBurnes, B (2004) Managing Change Pearson Education LtdEasterby-Smith, M, Burgoyne, J and Araujo, L (2006) Organizational Learning and The Learning Organisation Sage PublicationsHuczynski, A and Buchanan D (2001) Organisational Behaviour (4th Edition ) FT/Prentice HallPaton, R, Peters, G, Storey, J and Taylor, S (2005) Handbook of Corporate University Development Gower createPedlar, M., Boydell, T. and Burgoyne, J. Learning Company Project A Report on work (see mullins p205)Mabey, C and Salaman, G (1999) Human Resource Management a Strategic Introduction Blackwell Publishers LtdSchuler, R and Jackson, S Strategic Human Resource Management (2006) Blackwell PublishingTorrington, D and Hall, L(1995) Human Resource Management Prentice HallPerter Clarke & Maggie cooper, Knowledge Management & Collaboration

Regulations and Policies in Europe Essay

How does it fit within the ideas of Hayek and Keynes? Use the stagflation of the 70s as an practice session. The postWorld War II the postwar economic boom, also known as economic expansion, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, and the Age of Keynes in western countries after the end of World War II in 1945. It was a high worldwide economic growth in Western European that had been devastated by the war such as unusu entirelyy high and carry on growth, together with full employment.By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated. The regions trade flows had been disrupted. Food shortages were severe in all over the Europe. The 1930s Great notion in Europe production had fallen far below even than usual for the entire decade referable to failure of food market forces to restore demand to normal levels. Hence, the biggest panic after WWII was the return of the Great Depression during 30s. After the war, the major powers were determined not to repetition the mistakes of the Great Depression.Governments might have been slow to dismantle wartime allocation controls, and so have severely constrained the market mechanism. However, Politicians were predisposed toward intervention and regulation, their principle was no matter how damaging government activity failure might be to the economy, it had to be better than the market failure of the Depression. After WWII, the slightest regulations and policies are derived from The Keynesian Economy. Keynesian economists call for that the boom was ca apply by the adoption of Keynesian economic policies, particularly government spending.The basic idea of Keynesian thinking was to have pure free market policies rather than the mixed economy which require a significant role for government intervention. Efforts against Keynesianism took place on three fronts in the academic world, in politics, and in the wider world of business and public opinion. In Keyness theory, in contrast to the previously accept ed view, an economic depression might continue indefinitely unless government spending, financed by a budget deficit, were increased sufficiently.In 1948 the marshall Plan was implemented to rebuild and renew Western Europe. The Coal and Steel Community had which was to start the European Union lately. The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was a program occurred in United States to aid Europe as the US. gives monetary nurse to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII in order to have a force over Soviet communism. The plan was for four years. The goals of the Marshall Plan were to remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and provide Europe to be strong again.Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe. Keynesian economics period also accepted as financial repression. With these Keynesian policies such as low nominal interest place and low or negative real interest rates and government policy, especially the US and UK both dealt with their existing government debt level from Great Depression and World War II and reduce the level of debt in the debt service without needing to direct a high portion of government spending. All of the success was feeler from free market economies.After the death of President Roosevelt, a conservative control of Congress took place and try to turn the policies into Libertarian policies by rejecting numerous Keynesian initiatives, dropped many price controls, and instead cut taxes sharply. These libertarian policies are believed to have been stimulated the economy and created near full employment. During the whole period, especially Hayek was against Keynes at about points. He and a group occurred from other journalists and intellectuals had planned to displace Keynesianism and other collectivist influences.Hayek complained about economists to refuse to allow his work to be questioned after his death, it almost became a tabu. According to Friedrich von Hayek, the development of welfare socialism after World War II undermined freedom and would lead western democracies inexorably to some form of state-run serfhood so that socialism was also affecting Europe negatively. For the institutions Bretton Woods system was used after WWII until 1970s. The Bretton Woods system was historys first example of a fully negotiated monetary order.It is an international regime which was designed to combine binding legal obligations with multilateral decision-making, which is conducted through an international organization, like the IMF, endowing money with some limited supranational authority. In 1971, The Bretton Woods system collapsed due to President Richard Nixons severed the link between the dollar and gold. Another policy which is used after WWII was Military Keynesianism, which sighted to devote a large amount of money spending to the military to increase the economical growth of the countries.

The American Indian Movement

The American Indian Movement existed more than 500 year ago without a name and was formalized as the American Indian Movement ( lead) on 1968, July 28th at Minnesota in Minneapolis. It grew from policy making movement to making programs and projects from its initial task as a movement that was meant to serve many Indian communities.Its success cannot be disputed and is attributed to the spiritual and elderly guidance in its operations. It was initially meant to renew the Indian spectral practices and was further against the ruinous policies that existed in the America.It led protests that advocated for the indigenous American interests, implemented employment programs for the Native Americans in rural reserves and cities and advocated for cultural renewal in and outside America as well..Among those who co-founded it in 1968 included NeeGawNwayWeeDun, Herb Powless, Dennis Banks, Eddie Benton Banai, Leonard Peltier, Clyde Bellecourt, and Russell Means among others.The movement used ta ctics that would publicize its needs it further used the media and American press. It used forced seizure, peaceful sit- in and forceful takeovers. The AIM take-over and the occupations includes the1. In 1973, the wounded knee incident ( Pine ridge reservation)2. In 1973, the Custer county courthouse3. In 1972, the situation of Indian personal business that was located in Washington DC.The Pine Ridge incident of Wounded Knee was a widely assimilated idea because it demanded the reinstatement of about three hundred treaties surrounded by the federal government and the Native American that had been broken.This led to trials of several IAM members who were eventually acquitted. The AIM had held 11 hostages that resulted to a 71 days stand transfer between the federal agents and the Aim. The Wounded Knee, a tiny village was the site of the 1890 last great massacre of the Native Americans.The taking over of Indian affairs headquarters bureau in 1972 was supported by many Americans because the government had created a tribal council in 1934 that was against the development of the Native Americans.A gun battle between the FBI and the IAM members in 1975, July26th, which resulted to the killing of two FBI agents and Joseph Stuntz, this eventually led to conviction of one of the leader of AIM, Leonard Peltier, for the murder of the FBI agent.This conviction has been opposed by many human cover activists in the world, a court of appeal judge, Gerald Heaney in his ruling said that though the Natives were guilty of the murder government had overreacted resulting to fatal shooting. This showed that the movement was a widely assimilated idea.The mid 1980s conflict in Nicaragua between the Sandinista government and the Miskito Indian where by these Indian opposed their relocation upon being supported by the AIM leads, more specifically Russell Means. This movement at that time was seen as a minority movement since even the white who supported it was against their oppo sition of relocation.AIM has been advocating for the for improved support conditions for the of the native Americans while founding institutions meant to serve their specific needs, some of these institutions include Heart of the Earth School and American Indian Opportunities and Organizations among others.REFERENCESA Brief History of AIM, retrieved on 17th, October, 2007, available at www.aimovement.org/ggc/history.htmlAIM Grand Governing Council, retrieved on 17th, October, 2007, available at www.aimovement.org/ggc/index.htmlAmerican Indian Movement AIM, retrieved on 17th, October, 2007, available at www.aimovement.org/Kenneth S. Stern (1994) Loud lurch The United States Versus the American Indian Movement, Net Library publishers, US

Southern Comfort

SO-199-01 Southern Comfort How did the movie make me feel? It was a warm feeling. The first ten minutes of the video showed this close knit family take outside and that alone I admired. And I when I found out that his connection to his chosen family was so strong to tot to his aid when he woke up in a pool of his own origin I began to admire the family even more. I assumed that that the life of a transgender person was hard. That was a given(p) because it is human nature to fear or to hate what people do not understand. But I general broad scope of how hard it was. I never thought a trans-person could be denied divine service from a doctor.The film challenged me to really deliberate about the social constructs that society built around the verge man and woman. I still find it hard to see differently because I feel it is engrained into me to mobilise otherwise. And honestly, the more think about it the more frustrating it is because each day I discover discriminating things li ke blue blankets and pink blankets for newborn boys and girls respectively that I never thought about. Which cause me to think ask a friend what exactly is a woman and man? A friend, replies with woman atomic number 18 capable of having children and then I responded by saying females can produce offspring.Manny and I couldnt come to a clear a definition for the term woman or man. I wish how Robert stated it not between your legs that define you, but how you feel in your head and heart. I notice that Roberts son mixed his pronouns when he was talking about him. I also had trouble with property the pronouns correct, not during the movie but writing my reflection. I liked the movie overall because I guess the message was to let people know that it is up to us, as individuals, to be more open to the appraisal that our bodies do not label us as men or women. Our thoughts and our feelings do that.

Pavlov vis-à-vis Piaget Essay

looking for at the history, many names flourished in the ara of psychology in the desire to consider virtually(predicate) man and behavior. These names film contributions that are of signifi disregardce even to the present-day studies in the field of psychology. This composing deals with two of the notable names in this realm Ivan Pavlov and Jean Piaget.Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist, physician, and physiologist. He had demonstrable contributions to the various fields of neurology and physiology. His researches were mostly foc employ on teach, constitution and involuntary reflex actions. He bagged the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his researchers and experiments on digestion which became the foundation of a much extensive research on the digestive system. In his work on involuntary reactions to stress and pain, he broadened the description of the four temperament types phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic. The study of TMI or transmarg inal inhibition was also started by Pavlov and his researchers. TMI is the bodys instinctive reaction of closedown down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain. Of his contributions, Pavlov is widely recognized for his demonstration of real conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning.Pavlovs theory of classical conditioning started while he was working on his study of the digestive wait on in dogs. He observed that the dogs salivated before they received their food. Even nevertheless at the sight of the lab attendant, the dogs salivated. He called this phenomenon psychic secretion.He do an experiment on this and used a bell and meat powder. He hit the bell and followed the ring with the meat powder. At the onset, besides the meat powder made the dog salivate, but after repeating the practice, the ring of the bell made the dog salivate. Even when the meat powder was eliminated, the dog continued to salivate at the ring of the bell.In this theory, a living being learns to correla te one stimulant with one another. It is wise(p) that the first excitant is an indicator for the second stimulus. In the above experiment, the ring of the bell cued the dog that food might be coming.The following are the key concepts of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) a stimulus that can already elicits a response, like the food in the experiment. Unconditioned Response (UR) response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus, like the salivation of the dog in the experiment. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) a refreshing and neutral stimulus that when matched up with a UCS elicits a similar response, like the bell in the experiment. Condition Response (CR) the learned response when the neutral CS is paired with the UCS, like the salivation of the dog to the ring of the bell after reiterate pairing of it with the food. (www.niu.edu)Although many evaluators criticize Pavlovs theory as being tested only to animals, classical conditioning can actually be observ ed to a persons behavior, even without the purpose. A person who experienced a traumatic vehicular accident would be frantic virtually the reasoned of screak tires even at a normal situation. That persons mental capacity was condition that screeching tires mean accident.Jean Piaget was a biologist who was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland in 1896. He originally was perusing mollusks but shifted to the study of developmental psychology and human intelligence from which he became a significant experimenter and theorist. At the age of 10 he published his first paper and at the young age of 22 he received his Ph.D. in science from the University of Neuchatel.Although he was technically a biologist and a philosopher, he regarded himself as a genetic epistemologist. His interest was mainly focused on how an individual comes to know things. The thought process that lies beneath reasoning was his interest, particularly in the development of thinking. Piaget believed that peasantren have different way in responding compared to adults because of the difference in reasoning. He started observing children of various ages and began working on his theory on the process of cognitive development.According to his theory, the development of childrens thinking is not a smooth process. Before children learn new areas and abilities, there are particular stages at which it takes off and move to those new learning. These transitions transpirate at most 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years.Piagets key ideas implicate synopsis, assimilation, accommodation, modification, egocentrism, and equilibrium.Schema are the set of sensori-motor skills which dictate the manner in which an infant discover his environment resulting to gaining more(prenominal) information of the world and more complicated exploratory skills. These are the representation in the estimation of a set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions, which go together. (www.learningandteaching.info)Assimilation is the pr ocess by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to make it fit. (www.learningandteaching.info)Accommodation is the difference made to ones mind or concepts by the process of assimilation. (www.learningandteaching.info)Adaptation is learning in laymans term. Piaget believed that adaptation or learning is a biological process from which the two sides are assimilation and accommodation.Egocentrism is a part of the early stage of psychological development. It is a belief that you are the center of the universe and everything revolves just about you the corresponding inability to see the world as someone else does and adapt to it. (www.learningandteaching.info)According to his theory, there are four stages of cognitive development sensori-motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage.The first stage, sensori-motor stage, lasts from birth to about 2 years o f age. In this stage, the infant makes use of his motor abilities and senses to grasp his environment. During the end of this stage, the infant develops more complicated combinations of his sensori-motor skills.The second stage, pre-operational stage, lasts from about 2 until about seven years old. Because of the childs new abilities, this is a short step to symbol usage. The child now has a clear idea of preceding(a) and future. This is the stage, though, that a child is egocentric, seeing things only from his point of view.The third stage, concrete operational, lasts from about 7 to about 11. Aside from the representational use of symbols, a child already has the ability to manipulate those symbols sensibly in the context of tangible situations. In this stage is also where a child develops the skill to conserve length, number and liquid volume.The fourth stage, formal operations stage, takes place from about 12 and up. This is the stage where a child develops hypothetical thinki ng, or the use of logical operations in the abstract, instead of the concrete. two of these theories talk about learning. Basically, Pavlov and Piaget believe that learning can be directly influenced by the stimuli found in the environment of an individual. Both of them also imply that an individual has an innate and natural response to a stimulus, the unconditioned response (UR) for Pavlov and the schema for Piaget. What differs one from another is the processes and methods of how an individual learns. In Pavlovs theory, a new learning is acquired with mind conditioning.A normal response of an individual to a normal stimulus can be change through introduction of another stimulus from which the normal stimulus can be associated to, like what transpire to his experiment with the dog. In Piagets theory, on the other hand, learning can also be acquired through exposure to the environment, but at a certain stage, especially to children. A child, for example, wont have an idea of what is past and future until he reaches the age of around 2, which is called the pre-operational stage. Piagets theory implies that the extent of a childs learning is restricted to the stage or the age of the child.During the early stage of a child, he is said to be egocentric. Having this characteristic, a childs health and physical condition is coiffe at risk. The schema of grab and thrust is applied by a child to any object, incognizant of any harm that it may cause. He may be used to grabbing his rattle and thrusting it in his mouth, but once he came across a new object, he may use this schema to it, like a small animal or a pointed thing.These two theories are bases of more extensive studies of human behavior. Both of them are true in the sense that they can be observed and applied. It is appropriate to say that these theories are two of the most significant concepts in the world of psychology.

Are genetically modified foods safe to eat? Essay

Nowadays, genetically change garments are planted worldwide. consort to Human Genome Project, over 10 unmatched million million million farmers in 22 countries are planting genetically circumscribed crops on the fields. The total acreage has reached a quarter billion (2011).Apparently, genetically modified victualss leave prominent benefits so that much and to a gr runer extent throng are planting them and eating them. genetically modified plants are able to resist pests and certain kinds of diseases as well as tolerant cold and drought be ca-ca scientists move specific foreign genes into the plants. Therefore, world crop productivity increaseds by 25 percent by planting genetically modified crops.Specifically, Iin United States, later on the crops were genetically modified, six kinds of crops were able to produce 4 billion pounds more compared to the past than onwards without having to increaseing some(prenominal) acreage for planting (Deal & Baird, 2003). As the w orry of food insufficiency is getting increasingly more and more serious, the appearance of genetically modified foods may successfully alleviate this crisis. Besides, scientists are able to give more some nutrition in genetically modified foods. According to Lerner, genetically modified foods contain more and more nutrition.For example, Sseveral healthy fatty acids are added in canola oil. DHA omega-3, which is beneficial to cardiovascular health, is in genetically modified foods as well (2009). This article will assure that genetically modified foods are rubber eraser fair to middling to eat in three different kinds of approaches logic approach, science evidences approach, and reality evidences approach. First, logically speaking, genetic revision technique is an improvement in the real world, and any applications of new techniques needs a process from immaturitye to maturitye. For example, the evolution of the airplane went through a lot of difficulty.An aviator Thomas E. S elfridge died because of the airplane crash accident in 1908. Things also happened to spaceships. On January 28, 1986, the Challenger exploded and killed all of the seven astronauts in it. After these tragedies happened, no one said we should stop developing airplanes or spaceships. Genetic ad unslopedment technique is as mature as airplane technique that has gone through one hundred years of modification ago and more mature than the thirty years old or spaceship developmenttechnique thirty years ago. Theis genetic modification technique is even safer because no devastating event has happened yet.Now that we accept astronauts getting into spaceships which are not one hundred percent safe, we can accept genetically modified foods which seem to be safe for now. In addition, the plants that exist in nature are not all good. Our ancestors tried and selected things that are tender to human can eat as foods, and planted the crops which produced foods. Farmers use cross breeding technolo gy in order to get more productive crops. That is how seedless watermelons are created. According to the high school biota textbook, first, give a normal watermelon seedling colchicine, which is a chemical.The normal watermelon plant will conk a tetraploid watermelon plant, which doubles its chromosome and has four sets of chromosomes. Then cross breed the tetraploid and a normal one. Their youth is a triploid, which has three sets of chromosomes and the watermelon results in being seedlessdoes not have seeds. Genetic modification is just a more advanced technology to create productive crops that also provide convenience. It means iIf deal accept seedless watermelon, people can accept genetically modified foods. The second approach is scientific evidence approach.Ggenetically modified foods are the foods that have added by a foreign genes or genes on purpose. Scientists add those foreign genes into the original plants to make them have some good traits including disease resistanc e, pest resistance, cold gross profit margin and drought tolerance. However, these changes do not make any difference in their essence as foods. According to University of Guelph website, the concept of, substantial equivalence, means one kind of food can be seen as the early(a) kind of food.After several tests, genetically modified foods are said to be substantial equivalent, consequence that genetically modified foods is the same as other regular foods when used as human foods (2013). forward a genetically modified food can get access to supermarkets, it must pass a whole bunch of tests. These tests involve protein level tests, which test whether the genes of the genetically modified plants can express any harmful protein, and individual level tests, which test whether animals perform normally after eating this genetically modified food. Also, scientists analyze DNA to detect whether the new added DNA sequence will cause any unintended effect (Kuiper, et al. 2001).Only if the genetically modified food has none of these problems, customers can find it in supermarkets. possibly it sounds simple, but in fact, it is very complicated in practice. Take vivo testing as an example. Right before a genetically modified food comes into supermarkets, it has to pass vivo testing. First, they use mice to do animal tests for ninety days. If the tests study this genetically modified food can use as human food. Then they do the adjacent several stages of tests. They use more and more human volunteers to do the tests for grander and longer time. If any experiments fail, this food will never be human food (Fagan).Even if it passes all the tests, for some cases, it takes as long as ten years for it to be able to come into supermarkets. Last but not least, in reality, no evidence supports the point of view that genetically modified foods are harmful for human beings. mickle on the opposite side use failures of some laboratory experiments as arguments. However, those fai led experiments are proved to be under questioning conditions. People who conduct the experiments forced the rats to eat only one kind of genetically modified food for several days (Deal & Baird, 2003).Under this condition, those rats turning out unhealthy or died cannot prove anything. Some genetically modified foods do cause allergy reaction, though. Transgenic soybeans, which contain the genes from an allergenic food, Brazil nut, cause allergy reactions. This event arouses heated discussion in public. However, the discussion is about whether producers should label genetically modified foods, but not whether genetically modified foods are safe or not. Still, America and Europe have forbidden using the gene from Brazil nut as a foreign gene in genetically modified foods. More over, United Nation agencies are keeping their eyes on these typetypes of events. erst they realize risks of allergies exist, they document the risks and notify the public to be careful (Food allergy 2001). Th is case shows that if any problem occurs, it is fixable. Therefore, the genetically modified foods that people can buy in the supermarkets are safe to eat. To sum up, genetically modified foods are safe to eat in all of the logical sense, scientific sense, and reality sense. Genetically modified foods are the results of advanced biology technology. Scientific evidences prove that the modified foods are safe to eat make sure of their safety.

Gender Roles in the United States Essay

1. Briefly discuss the chronicle of ethnic relations in the United States. The ethnic history of the United States was long rooted during the colonial period. The first settlements in the United States were the Spanish outposts in the towns of Florida and calcium and a French outpost in Louisiana. English colonizers decl atomic number 18d the United States independence in 1776 due to their yearning for freedom from their own country (Doane). The class, racial, ethnic, and sex relationships of the contemporary nation strike their roots in the colonial period (Doane).Because of the failure to force Native American settlers to work on the fields, the British settlers resorted in importing African slaves to work on cotton plantations located at the South, while the Whites chose to reside on the North to further hone their emerging industries (Doane). The ethnic relations of the United States during the early years atomic number 18 characterized by the major issue of racism and sece rnment based on skin color. During the colonial times, the scummy whites and the indentured servants served as bridges for the slaves and the landlords.The poor whites tried to identify themselves with the rich landowning whites and propagated the idea of white racial identity rather than the class identity (Doane). This action in turn reinforced the racial discrimination in the country. The status, skin color and position in the labor market characterized the relationships among racial and ethnic groups. roughly of the Blacks migrated northward to work on industrial jobs but disparity continued as they were paid little than the whites on comparable jobs. The Blacks in like manner received less mixer benefits than the Whites reinforcing discrimination (Doane).2. Describe the process of sex activity office sociableization. Give examples of how females and males are trained to fulfill the expectations of their gender roles. There is a tendency for the alliance to mandate soci etal rules and determine what is right and acceptable to the community. This process is referred to as gender role socialization, wherein social institutions control the ships companys expectations on dress code, language, someoneality, leisure activities and aspirations for each sex (Padavic and Reskin 53). Through this process, people learn their gender identity.The society associates well established values, attitudes, behavior, choices and performance that are appropriate for gender categories much(prenominal)(prenominal) as men and women. People are able to absorb the specific roles that the society is trying to drill to the members of a particular sex (Senior 25). Learning our gender roles is important in the aspect of socialization and our interaction with other people. Childhood experiences of socialization prepare the people in their gender and social roles in such a way that adult members of the society are expecting them to behave (Senior 25).Even as children, peopl e have been trained to behave and act according to their biological sexual orientation. And as such, parents reinforce gender role socialization on their child-rearing methods. They give toy guns and robots to their male children and dolls and kitchen utensils to their female children. People may be unconsciously aware but through this method, social roles are being inculcated within the consciousness of children in the society as they become adults. Toy guns for male children depict that males should be aggressive and courageous.Boys are also much exposed to high-tech toys like PSP and Gameboy reflecting their advantage in the technological field of industry. Female children or girls, on the other hand, are encouraged to play with dolls and kitchen utensils to prepare them to their future social roles which are in supercharged of the household, homemaker and as domestic provider. It also encouraged the attitudes of women to become caring and nurturing. 3. Discuss the secernate, which points to either gender roles being biological or cultural in origin.Base on this evidence, what conclusions can be worn-out about the origins of gender roles. Discuss some of the most important sources of gender inequalities in our society. How can these inequalities be alleviated? One of the speculated causes of the significant difference in the attitudes and social characteristics among men and women is their biological structure. It was say that genes and other biological components play a big role in influencing these social characteristics. There are biological explanations provided in an attempt to examine aggressiveness in males.It was already known that the inherent figurehead of Y gene in the 23rd chromosome makes males susceptible to physical disarray. However, there is no strong evidence explaining the role of genetics in the aggressiveness of individuals, particularly the males. Several indicators of violence have been found to be more evident in males than i n females (Englander 122). Research further reveals the role of androgens in the prevalence of violence. Androgens are male sex hormones that are abundant in males. These hormones were indirectly linked to criminal violence and also to traditional behavior.Studies show that women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a medical condition in which androgens are secreted in the uterus of females, have an inclination to male tastes and preferences. Although there is no concrete evidence of the relationship between androgens and violence, it was suspected to be the reason behind mens more aggressive behavior (Englander 123). some other biological factor that is thought to be responsible behind the violent attitude of men is the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). behavioural patterns are related to the level of MOA presence in the blood.Men are found to have refuse levels of MAO than women. Lower MAO levels are associated with aggressiveness and the sudden burst of anger and frustrations, e specially impulsiveness (Englander 123). another(prenominal) essential factor that was believed to be responsible for the development of aggression in men and the nurturing attitude of women is the social construction or the difference in how each was reared and molded by culture and society. A persons social environment is accountable for the values inculcated in his or her personality. His or her socially-constructed identity is viewed to be inherent with his biological sex.Difference in gender has a widespread effect in the society, which was support by documented knowledge in socio-biology and evolutionary psychology. This collection of knowledge states that men and women are irrevocably different in bodily configurations (Taylor & Spencer 41). Such disparities in gender can be alleviated through programs that will breach the inequality in gender such as having equal opportunity on the workplace. We could also start hastening changes through campaign programs that will call for equality between genders.Works CitedDoane, Molly. 2007. cultivation of United States of America. Advameg, Inc. 11 November 2008 . Englander, Elizabeth Kandel. Understanding Violence. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. , 2007. Padavic, Irene and Barabara F. Reskin. Women and Men at Work, 2nd edition. kelvin Oaks, California Pine Forge Press, 2002. Senior, Olive. Working Miracles. London James Currey Ltd. , 1991. Taylor, Gary and Steve Spencer. Social Identities Multidisciplinary Approaches. New York Routledge, 2004.

Questionnaire for Branded Clothing

Questionnaire for vesture consumption NAME CONTACT NO. OCCUPATION e-mail PLACE DATE Questions 1) Approximately, how many measure do you buy your clothes? a) one time a week b) Once every 2 weeks c) Once a month d) At the beginning of season e) During the sales period f) During the Christmas Festivities g) As the need arises h) now and then i) Rarely 2) From where do you usually buy clothes? a) Factory Outlets ) Retail Shops (unbranded) c) Brands Showrooms d) Malls e) Online shop 3) With whom do you usually buy your clothes? a) Friends b) Mother c) Father d) Brother/Sister e) Grandparents f) Alone 4) When buying clothes, you a) Go directly in a particular shop. b) Go crook in various shops. 5) gratify indicate how much importance do you give to each of the following factors before you buy your clothes. about Always Sometimes Rarely never Fabric pic pic pic pic Design pic pic pic pic Colour pic pic pic pic Brand pic pic pic pic Comfort pic pic pic pic direction pic pic pic pic Price pic pic pic pic 6) How would you rate the following statements? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree I wear only well known brands pic pic pic pic I buy clothes depending on their colours pic pic pic pic I buy styles that suit me rather than what is fashionable pic pic pic pic I only buy the style that my riends wear pic pic pic pic I only buy the latest fashion as long as they suit me pic pic pic pic I occasion my own fashion rather than follow it pic pic pic pic I tend to stick to classic styles that wont date pic pic pic pic I wear only clothes that are widely available pic pic pic pic I hate going round for clothes and I let others buy my clothes pic pic pic pic I search for sales and low prices pic pic pic pic 7) How significant would you rate the following factors in influencing the choice of clothes purchased? Almost Always Sometimes Rarely Never Fashion Magazines pic pic pic pic Beauty Magazines pic pic pic pic Te levision pic pic pic pic Radio pic pic pic pic Newspapers pic pic pic pic Billboards pic pic pic pic Cinema pic pic pic pic Promotional Leaflets pic pic pic pic Internet pic pic pic pic 8) Do you think that draining branded clothes would reflect Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree arrogance pic pic pic pic Superior Image pic pic pic pic Exclusivity pic pic pic pic Snob Appeal pic pic pic pic

The Winged Victory of Samothrace, aka Nike Essay

The Winged Victory of Samothrace, aka Nike - Essay ExampleThe Winged Victory of Samothrace, or the Nike, represents the aesthetics of the ancients while engaging the artistic sensibilities of the groundbreaking man. One of the ways that the statue, The Winged Victory of Samothrace, reflects the aesthetics of the culture from which it came is through the androgyny of the figure. While the figure is decidedly female, it has a thick body and family strength that is often associated with androgynous figural sculpture of Ancient Greece. The figure is actively engaged, its dynamic stance showing action and intensity as it also reflects victory through its sense of triumph. The pose is captured, as if the figure that it represents as stopped still in a moment, its thrust forward coming to an abrupt, merely when meaningful stop as it expresses the theme of triumph. The sculpture has an emotional context that evokes passions within the viewer. plain without its upright form, it is a p owerful piece of work, its smallish, but well constructed wings suggesting the heights of victory as it is joined with the dynamism. The Grecians were partially to the flowing fabrics, the beauty of the details creating the feminine side of the androgynous ideal. Often the faces were the primary specify element to the androgyny, but because the face is missing, the masculine is nighone less apparent in the duality of gender. Macleod writes If the androgynous male youth is characterized by openness, the moment of perfect beauty in the realm of female deities is non that of a free-floating adolescence but rather the static self-sufficiency, the containment of mature Juno (51). The female tilt of the androgynous balance is set up to have beauty when the determination of self-sufficiency can be observed in the stance of the figure. Even though the face is not available to provide deeper clues to context, the emotions of the piece and the way in which the duality is evince is clea rly available to the viewer through the details of the expressive nature of the body. The work does not contiguous appear the way that it was seen by the public that it was intended to engage. The piece is fractured, the arms and the head missing, although there is some evidence that the Romans have duplicated the head on some of their work as they copied the Greeks. The work was painted, originally, an aspect that a modern audience would more than likely find garish. The sculptures of the period were painted with a waxy guinea pig of paint that was rubbed onto the marble (Langley 23). The statue more than likely did not show the beauty of the stone that currently is apparent in looking at the work. The balance of how the piece was represented in to its audience in similitude to the way in which modern audiences see the piece is startlingly different. A modern audience sees only the emotions of the body, where the ancient audience would have had the expression of the face from w hich to first understand the meaning of the work. The nature of Greek and Roman art is that in the modern context it is seen as representative of artistic expressions, but for those in the Ancient world, they were forms of public communication, representing some cultural aspect that needed to be within the social discourse. The pieces that modern man treasure most were definitions of public issues for religion or politics. Through the visual imagery

Urban Planning Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Planning Policies - seek ExampleBefore we delve on the importance of urban readying policies, let us prototypic square off the meaning of urban preparation in order for us to be aware of the put down that is being tackled. Also, determining the words or phrases that are synonymous to the word policy is also pregnant to know the essence of the focal point of this paper which is the urban homework policies.The website wisegeek.com (2007) defined urban planning as Urban planning is a mixture of science and art. It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all on a lower floor a single umbrella. The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the organization of all elements of a town or other urban environment. However, when one thinks about all the elements that make up a town, urban planning suddenly seems complicated - and with a broad topic to discuss withFurthermore, the website illustrates that Real urban planning is a relatively new concept. It gained popularity beginning in the mid-to-late 19th century, when it became obvious that there should be some bod of plan or larger goals for the growth of big cities like New York and Philadelphia. Before this time, cities very oftentimes grew as they had need, and the surrounding land was just swallowed up. London, Paris, and Tokyo - none of these world cities had much urban planning, and counterbalance now, the addresses and streets in their older sections stack be confusing even to nativesIf we are to deal with the above-mentioned example, the tell planning revolves around goals and prime concerns of key and big cities which aim to achieve development in their areas. smell in to this kind of situation, the main concern here is growth particularly on markets and industries where these key cities leave its income. If there is indeed a well-defined plan, then it is also understood that marketing irregularities would be hold due to the fact that sociologists deem that irreg ularities are results of a vague regulation. True enough, if there are no specific urban planning, and then it is bordering to impossible to achieve order. Upon determining what urban policy is, the next thing that we must do is to define what policy is. The website fao.org (2007) defined policy as A policy is very much like a decision or a set of decisions, and we make, put through or carry out a policy just as we do with decisions. Like a decision a policy is not itself a statement, nor is it only a set of actions, although, as with decisions, we squeeze out infer what a persons or organizations policy is either from the statement he makes about it, or, if he makes no statement or we dont believe his statement Urban Planning Policies 3from the way he acts. But, equally, we can claim that a statement or set of actions is misleading and does not faithfully reflect the accepted policy.In this particular case, we establish that urban planning policy could be defined in a simpler w ay as a plan in key city in order to determine the course of action and decision to be made in order to address several concerns in urban planning policy.If we are to further plunge with the topic, one might say that urban planning policy is beneficial in different marketing areas on the basis that it would lessen if not totally curtail monopoly on several markets due to the fact t

MMR Vaccine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MMR Vaccine - act ExamplePrior to introduction of the vaccine, the most common cause of meningitis related to virus was mumps (NHS, 2004). epidemic parotitis is also in the stage of wiping- erupt because of the vaccine. Even the impact of rubella on fetuses has drastically decreased collectable to the vaccine. MMR has always been given as a combination vaccine and separate vaccination programme was never there in the United Kingdom (NHS, 2004).Thus, MMR is a very effective vaccine. However, several concerns have been increase by somewhat experts about the safety of these vaccines because of reports of some studies pointing to the development of various complications like asthma, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Crohns disease, Autism and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (Mediinfo, 2004). Of arouse is a major study by Wakefiled et al (1998) published in the popular magazine lancet which linked mumps vaccine to autism. According to this study, MMR vaccine can lead to autism spectrum disorders with associated enterocolitis. In the study, parents of eight out of 12 children who presented with history of normal development followed by loss of acquired skills, including language, together with diarrhea and abdominal bruise (Wakefiled et al, 1998) reported that the onset of symptoms were after administration of MMR vaccine. This was a major breakthrough study that forced the UK brass to discontinue the vaccine until further research. Based on the reports of the study, the rates of vaccination of MMR vaccine dropped dramatically (McIntyre and Leask, 2008), star to an increase in the incidence of mumps and measles and their associated complications like morbidity and mortality (Pepys, 2007).The reports of the study were investigated by a journalist by name Brian Deer who discovered the fact that the main researcher of the study, Andrew Wakefield had some conflicts of interest that were